Truffle farmers have never had to worry about demand. It is the supply side that is worrying, with global warming an ever more present threats to their success.“You don’t market the truffle, you manage its scarcity,” said Jean-Charles Savignac, president of the French Truffle Growers Federation (FFT).
The 2010-11 season’s output was a meager 25 tons, a severe shortfall blamed on a lack of water, which is vital for the Tuber melanosporum, (right) the scientific name for the
black truffle cherished by gourmets.“If we had supplied 100 times more, it would all be sold,” Savignac said, recalling annual harvests of 200 to 300 tons in the 1960s, “sold without the slightest difficulty.”
He said a century ago output reached a “somewhat mythical 1,000 tons,” and still found takers despite a smaller world population and far more difficult delivery means.
Truffles are underground mushrooms that grow between the roots of trees. The main difference between truffles and standard mushrooms is that mushrooms grow above ground in the dark, and truffles grow underground near tree roots.
Truffles have been prized by those with discerning palates at least since Roman times. The Romans served black and white truffles as appetizers and in salads seasoned with various herbs and garum (fermented fish sauce). Then, as now, a gift of a truffle gave honor to the recipient and to the giver.Truffles have been collected in some of the same areas for over 2000 years. Truffle spots are handed down through the generations. They have been marketed where-ever they could be shipped. Due to the limited amount produced, truffles have long been considered the domain of the rich.
Current explanations for the ever-shrinking supply begin with the rural exodus that emptied the
French countryside after World War II.The truffle’s natural habitat was affected as farmland gave way to natural reforestation or bush, according to truffle expert Pierre Sourzat, who added that “sometimes very effective competitors” — other fungi that colonize tree roots — encroached on its territory.
Weather variations are no help. “The truffle, which is very sensitive to water, is something of a marker of climatic changes,” Savignac said.
In the summer of 2003, when a devastating heatwave gripped France, “three quarters of natural truffles vanished,” Sourzat said. “In the plantations, two-thirds to three-quarters of the trees stopped producing the following years. Other mushrooms that are more adapted to drought beat
out the truffle (left).”The FFT held a seminar in 2008 on the future of the sector in the face of global warming. “We didn’t realize it right away, but the diminishing production is certainly affected by this phenomenon,” Savignac said.
But the truffle sector is fighting back.
“Every year, we plant 300,000 to 400,000 trees in France, or around 1,000 more hectares (2,500
acres)” dedicated to the truffle, Savignac said. With such a larger park to rely on, “in the worst years we can reach an output of around 20 tons instead of the 10 tons we would get if nothing were done,” he said.The sector also benefits from regional government subsidies, for example to fund experiments on improving production techniques.
In the Midi-Pyrenees region, subsidies help truffle growers plant around 100 hectares each year of pubescent oaks, green oaks or hazelnut trees whose roots are impregnated with truffle spores, said Guy Delher, head of the regional federation of truffle growers.
However, it takes a good decade for the plantations to begin producing in significant quantities.
In Lalbenque, the town of some 1,600 souls where the main truffle wholesaler of southwestern France is located, it took only a few minutes for buyers to snap up some 60 kilograms (130 pounds) on offer by the truffle farmers, most of them landowners for whom the black diamond is a source of extra income.Lalbenque conducts the first sale of the season, and the precious tuber went for between 400 and
600 euros per kilo wholesale, or 1,000 euros ($1,320) per kilo retail.The region’s truffle growers hope this season will be better than last year’s, when only 500 kilos of the coveted Causses du Quercy truffles — which connoisseurs say has an “initial nose of strawberry jam” — were produced.
Source:
KhaleeJ Times,"Global warming threatens France’s precious truffle", accessed January 3, 2012
Black Diamond French Truffles, "All About Truffles", accessed January 3, 2012
Physorg.com, "Global warming threatens France's precious truffle", accessed January 3, 2012
Canterbury Truffles, "Growing Truffles", accessed January 3, 2012
